Tuesday, 29 December 2015
Monday, 28 December 2015
FUTURE AIRCRAFT
Future Aircraft Power Systems- Integration
Challenges
Outline
• Aircraft Electric Power Systems
– Existing Systems
– More-Electric-Airplanes (MEA)
• 787 No Bleed System
• Power Electronics
• Vision and Goals for Next Generation Electric
Airplane (NGEA)
• Role of Power Electronics and System
Simulation in NGEA
• Conclusions and Summary
777 Electrical System
“Traditional” Hybrid – 115Vac & 28Vdc
• Power Sources:
– Two - 120 kVA, 115Vac, 400Hz engine driven generators
– One 120 kVA, 115Vac, 400Hz Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) driven
generator
– Four 950 W Permanent Magnet Generators (PMG) integrated into the
two backup generators
– One 7.5kVA Ram Air Turbine (RAT)
– Main, APU, and flight controls batteries
• Conversion Equipment:
– Four 120 Amp DC Transformer Rectifier Units (115Vac to 28Vdc)
– Battery chargers and inverters
• Distribution System:
– Centralized distribution panels
– Thermal circuit breakers and electro-mechanical relays
– Contactors with built-in current sensing and control electronics
More-Electric-Airplane
Vision:
The More-Electric-Airplane has the potential to take
advantage of emerging technologies in power
generation and distribution, power electronics, and
energy storage.
Goals
• Improve power system efficiency
• Improve Weight/Volume
• Reduce Total Cost
• Enhance Safety
• Improve Thermal Efficiency
• Improve Reliability
• Improve Maintainability
• Increase Functionality
• Cost Effective Rapid Technological Insertion
• Green SystemsSystems
The Challenge
How can we most effectively minimize aviation’s
impact on the environment – specifically CO2
emissions?
Future Aircraft Power Systems
– Advance Architectures
– Higher Voltage Systems
– High Temperature Power Electronics
– Adaptive and Intelligent power systems
– Power Electronics Integration
– Fuel CeSystemsSystems
More-Electric-Airplane Challenges
• Integration of New Power Electronics Loads
– System Power Quality
• All electrical loads are prone to failures when exposed to
one or more electrical power quality problems.
• Electrical equipment is only guaranteed/qualified to
operate properly if its input power quality is per
specification
• Examples:
– Interactions between power electronics loads and sources
(stability and resonance)
– Harmonic distortion
– Start-up
– Testing and Simulation is extensively used to
develop requirements, validate requirements, and
verify design
Simulation
• Models are developed using Multiple Tools• Challenges:
– Number of components
– Multiple Time Scales
– Different types of analysis (stability, power quality,
protection coordination, faults/failures, load
management)
– MoSystemsSystems
Conclusions
• More-Electric-Airplanes are the industry trend
• MEA is an enabler for advances in future airplane system
design, operation and performance
• MEA is a technology enabler for energy generation,
storage and conversion systems and technologies
• MEA contributes to lower operating costs and reduces
fuel use, emissions and noise.
• Power Electronics, Intelligent Power Systems, and
alternative sources play a significant role for future More-
Electric-Airplanes
• There remains challenges with efficient large-scale
simulation of more-electric-airplanes.
Challenges
Outline
• Aircraft Electric Power Systems
– Existing Systems
– More-Electric-Airplanes (MEA)
• 787 No Bleed System
• Power Electronics
• Vision and Goals for Next Generation Electric
Airplane (NGEA)
• Role of Power Electronics and System
Simulation in NGEA
• Conclusions and Summary
777 Electrical System
“Traditional” Hybrid – 115Vac & 28Vdc
• Power Sources:
– Two - 120 kVA, 115Vac, 400Hz engine driven generators
– One 120 kVA, 115Vac, 400Hz Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) driven
generator
– Four 950 W Permanent Magnet Generators (PMG) integrated into the
two backup generators
– One 7.5kVA Ram Air Turbine (RAT)
– Main, APU, and flight controls batteries
• Conversion Equipment:
– Four 120 Amp DC Transformer Rectifier Units (115Vac to 28Vdc)
– Battery chargers and inverters
• Distribution System:
– Centralized distribution panels
– Thermal circuit breakers and electro-mechanical relays
– Contactors with built-in current sensing and control electronics
More-Electric-Airplane
Vision:
The More-Electric-Airplane has the potential to take
advantage of emerging technologies in power
generation and distribution, power electronics, and
energy storage.
Goals
• Improve power system efficiency
• Improve Weight/Volume
• Reduce Total Cost
• Enhance Safety
• Improve Thermal Efficiency
• Improve Reliability
• Improve Maintainability
• Increase Functionality
• Cost Effective Rapid Technological Insertion
• Green SystemsSystems
The Challenge
How can we most effectively minimize aviation’s
impact on the environment – specifically CO2
emissions?
Future Aircraft Power Systems
– Advance Architectures
– Higher Voltage Systems
– High Temperature Power Electronics
– Adaptive and Intelligent power systems
– Power Electronics Integration
– Fuel CeSystemsSystems
More-Electric-Airplane Challenges
• Integration of New Power Electronics Loads
– System Power Quality
• All electrical loads are prone to failures when exposed to
one or more electrical power quality problems.
• Electrical equipment is only guaranteed/qualified to
operate properly if its input power quality is per
specification
• Examples:
– Interactions between power electronics loads and sources
(stability and resonance)
– Harmonic distortion
– Start-up
– Testing and Simulation is extensively used to
develop requirements, validate requirements, and
verify design
Simulation
• Models are developed using Multiple Tools• Challenges:
– Number of components
– Multiple Time Scales
– Different types of analysis (stability, power quality,
protection coordination, faults/failures, load
management)
– MoSystemsSystems
Conclusions
• More-Electric-Airplanes are the industry trend
• MEA is an enabler for advances in future airplane system
design, operation and performance
• MEA is a technology enabler for energy generation,
storage and conversion systems and technologies
• MEA contributes to lower operating costs and reduces
fuel use, emissions and noise.
• Power Electronics, Intelligent Power Systems, and
alternative sources play a significant role for future More-
Electric-Airplanes
• There remains challenges with efficient large-scale
simulation of more-electric-airplanes.
Future Train
Future train:
Gauge changeable trains
People are waiting to see trains of the future. A gauge changeable train and a maglev train are one of them. The gauge changeable trains can run on different rail gauges (the distance between the two parallel rails). In Japan, there are four types of gauge and the trains can’t run on the different rail gauges. The gauge changeable trains are capable to change the distance of the wheels and run on any railway with different gauge.
Gauge changeable train
Image supplied courtesy of The Japan Railway Construction, Transport and The Technology Agency and The Railway Technical Research Institute
Mechanism of changing gauge
The gauge changeable trains use gauge changeable bogies and gauge changeable rails to run on different railway tracks.
They are developing the gauge changeable train that changes the distance of the wheels on both sides automatically after passing the guide rails so that it can run on the rails with different gauges.
Maglev trains (Superconducting train)
A Maglev train's official name is a superconducting magnetically levitated vehicle. It is suspended and runs at high speed by a strong magnetic force from superconducting magnet. The conventional trains run on the rails with wheels, whereas the Maglev trains float and run at super high speed of 500 km/h. It is expected that we can use the Maglev trains in the future.
Maglev train test car (MLX01)
Photograph supplied courtesy of The Railway Technical Research Institute
Mechanism of Maglev trains
Have you ever seen magnets’ south pole and north pole attracting or the same poles repelling each other in science class? Maglev trains float and advance using the repulsive force and the attractive force of the magnets.
Mechanism of advancing
Mechanism of levitation
Now, various running tests are underway on the Yamanashi Maglev Test line.
Space elevators for future space travelling
Space Elevators:
Have you ever dreamed of going to space through a space elevator? Get ready; it is one of the Google projects for future. Emerging technologies and new technology inventions will help Google to complete this project. They are developing all its latest technologies in a secret lab known as Google X.
Google X faculty in California revealed about some emerging technologies. In that they have confirmed about the project Space elevator. They have started planning about the project and had many discussions about it. Elevator moves up from a station in earth to outer space station. They never started working on it but had a serious look on this concept. They started these types of new technology inventions research in Google projects to take things to space at low cost. At present using space craft the cost is damn too high. In future there is a lot of scope for space tourism with this concept.
Design Challenge of Space Elevator:
A lot of design challenges are there for such new technology inventions. A large amount of strong cables are needed for the space elevator. Strong means not simply strong, it must be about 100 times stronger than the steel available in earth. New technology inventions such as carbon Nanotubes are the solution to make such stronger cables. But another problem is that no one manufactured a carbon nanotube longer than one meter.
The main challenge is due to gravity and centrifugal acceleration. So the designing of the entire structure is so difficult. This must be an ultra large structure for proper working. Another problem is speed. How to attain a great speed to reach near the synchronous altitude in short time?
Will they make this Space Elevator?
Let us wait and see…. Google X is working 24 hours for new scientific discoveries and inventions. Every day they are thinking about a lot of ideas. They also drop many of the ideas due to its practical difficulties. One such ideas was jetpack, it was dropped due to its fuel inefficiency and loud noise. But they have raised their name by some of the Emerging technologies such as Google glass, driverless car, loon etc.
Hope Space elevator is not going to be a part of failed Google projects. Its success will create a revolution in space research. This will create a short low cost path to space for everyone. And we are waiting for more and more new scientific discoveries.
Have you ever dreamed of going to space through a space elevator? Get ready; it is one of the Google projects for future. Emerging technologies and new technology inventions will help Google to complete this project. They are developing all its latest technologies in a secret lab known as Google X.
Google X faculty in California revealed about some emerging technologies. In that they have confirmed about the project Space elevator. They have started planning about the project and had many discussions about it. Elevator moves up from a station in earth to outer space station. They never started working on it but had a serious look on this concept. They started these types of new technology inventions research in Google projects to take things to space at low cost. At present using space craft the cost is damn too high. In future there is a lot of scope for space tourism with this concept.
Design Challenge of Space Elevator:
A lot of design challenges are there for such new technology inventions. A large amount of strong cables are needed for the space elevator. Strong means not simply strong, it must be about 100 times stronger than the steel available in earth. New technology inventions such as carbon Nanotubes are the solution to make such stronger cables. But another problem is that no one manufactured a carbon nanotube longer than one meter.
The main challenge is due to gravity and centrifugal acceleration. So the designing of the entire structure is so difficult. This must be an ultra large structure for proper working. Another problem is speed. How to attain a great speed to reach near the synchronous altitude in short time?
Will they make this Space Elevator?
Let us wait and see…. Google X is working 24 hours for new scientific discoveries and inventions. Every day they are thinking about a lot of ideas. They also drop many of the ideas due to its practical difficulties. One such ideas was jetpack, it was dropped due to its fuel inefficiency and loud noise. But they have raised their name by some of the Emerging technologies such as Google glass, driverless car, loon etc.
Hope Space elevator is not going to be a part of failed Google projects. Its success will create a revolution in space research. This will create a short low cost path to space for everyone. And we are waiting for more and more new scientific discoveries.
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